TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ….. 14
HISTORICAL SUMMARY ….. 15
INTRODUCTION …… 20
CHAPTER 1 – HYDROGRAPHIC PUBLICATIONS
British Publications ….. 22
Government Publications issued by the British Admiralty ….. 22
Private Publications
Europe ….. 24
Mediterranean ….. 27
Indian Ocean ….. 29
Australia ….. 29
South China Sea ….. 29
Pacific ….. 29
Atlantic ….. 30
Caribbean ….. 30
South Atlantic ….. 31
Inland Waterways ….. 32
General Remarks ….. 35
American Publications
General
Government Publications issued by the USCG ….. 36
Government Publications issued by the OCS and NOAA ….. 37
A. Nautical charts for the American coast and the islands in their possessions ….. 37
B. Sailing directions ….. 39
Government Publications issued by the DMAHC ….. 41
Government Publications issued by the Army Corps of Engineers ….. 43
Private Publications ….. 43
Comments ….. 44
CHAPTER 2 – THE LIGHTS
How to look up a light in the List of Lights
Names of lights ….. 46
Location of lights ….. 47
Geographical position of lights ….. 48
Characteristics of lights
Character of a light ….. 48
Period of a light …… 56
Phase of a light ….. 57
Number of lights ….. 57
Colour of lights ….. 57
Elevation
Indication in the Lists of Lights ….. 58
Indication on charts ….. 59
Use of elevation ….. 59
Intensity
The range of a light ….. 63
Luminous range ….. 71
Nominal range ….. 74
Geographical range ….. 76
Mean range ….. 76
Indication of the range in the Lists of Lights ….. 81
Indication of the range on charts ….. 82
Indication of lights on charts ….. 85
CHAPTER 3 – TYPES OF LIGHTS
Sector lights ….. 90
Leading lights ….. 103
Direction lights ….. 106
Unwatched lights ….. 109
Aeromarine lights ….. 109
Aero lights ….. 109
Obstruction lights ….. 110
Occasional lights ….. 110
Fog detector light ….. 110
Daytime lights ….. 111
Vertical lights – Horizontal lights ….. 111
CHAPTER 4 – FOG SIGNALS
General ….. 113
Types of fog signals ….. 113
Characteristics of fog signals ….. 114
CHAPTER 5 – LANDMARKS
General ….. 116
Categories of landmarks ….. 117
Description of landmarks ….. 119
The height ….. 120
CHAPTER 6 – LIGHTS VESSELS – LIGHT TOWERS and LANBYS
General ….. 122
Watch buoys ….. 124
Indication in the lists of lights ….. 124
Indication on charts ….. 125
Risk of collision with light vessels …. 126
Withdrawal of a lights vessel ….. 126
Replacement of light vessels …. 126
Light towers ….. 127
Floating structures ….. 128
Oceanographic and weather buoys ….. 128
CHAPTER 7 – PLATFORMS AT SEA
I. PLATFORMS
General ….. 131
Identification panels ….. 131
Lights ….. 132
Fog signals ….. 132
Other markings ….. 132
Indication on charts ….. 133
II. OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES
General ….. 134
Marking of individual wind turbines ….. 134
Marking of groups of wind turbines ….. 135
Sound signals ….. 136
Indication on charts ….. 136
Extract IALA Recommendation O-139
CHAPTER 8 – BUOYAGE
GENERAL ….. 145
Construction of buoys ….. 145
Body of the buoys ….. 146
Mooring ….. 147
Superstructure ….. 148
ORDINARY BUOYS ….. 152
Beacons ….. 152
Indication of beacons on charts ….. 153
Spar buoys ….. 154
Ordinary buoys ….. 154
LIGHTED BUOYS
General purpose buoys ….. 157
PILLAR BUOYS
Pillar buoys used in European, waters ….. 161
Indication of buoys on charts ….. 164
THE LANTERN
Propane gas buoys ….. 166
Acetylene buoys ….. 166
Electric buoys ….. 166
Indication on charts ….. 168
THE TOPMARK ….. 168
Indication on charts ….. 170
RADAR REFLECTOR
Indication on charts ….. 171
RACON ….. 172
REFLECTORS ….. 172
FOG SIGNAL ….. 173
THE COLOUR ….. 175
NAME AND NUMBER ….. 176
SUMMARY ….. 177
COMMENT ….. 178
Pillar buoys in American waters ….. 183
Indication on Charts ….. 191
CHAPTER 9 - IALA BUOYGE SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION ….. 195
ONE SYSTEM, TWO REGIONS ….. 195
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM ….. 197
CHAPTER 10 – THE IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM
Basic principles of the Combined Cardinal and Lateral System ….. 200
Description of the Combined Cardinal and Lateral System – General Remarks
Scope ….. 200
Types of marks ….. 200
Characteristics of marks ….. 201
Day colors ….. 201
Shapes of marks ….. 201
Topmarks ….. 201
Colours and characteristics of lights ….. 202
Piers and jetties ….. 202
Radar reflectors ….. 202
REGION "A" ONLY
LATERAL MARKS
Description of Lateral marks ….. 203
Port hand marks ….. 203
Starboard hand marks ….. 203
Red-Green ….. 204
Direction of buoyage ….. 204
Symbol ….. 206
Variations ….. 207
Obstructions …… 210
Green – Starboard side ….. 210
PREFERRED CHANNEL MARKS
General ….. 216
MODIFIED LATERAL MARKS ….. 217
Preferred channel to the right (or to starboard) ….. 217
Modified Port hand marks ….. 217
Preferred channel to the left (or to port) ….. 218
Modified Starboard hand marks ….. 218
REGION "B" ONLY
LATERAL MARKS
Description of Lateral marks ….. 221
Port hand marks ….. 221
Starboard hand marks ….. 221
Green – Red ….. 222
Direction of buoyag ….. 223e
Symbol ….. 226
Variations ….. 227
Obstructions ….. 230
Red – Starboard side ….. 230
Radar reflector 231
Name ….. 231
Optical reflector ….. 231
Beacons ….. 232
Light vessels, light towers and lanbys ….. 232
Indication on charts ….. 232
PREFERRED CHANNEL MARKS
Modified Lateral Marks ….. 237
Preferred channel to the right (or to starboard) ….. 237
Modified Port hand marks …… 237
Preferred channel to the left (or to port) ….. 239
Modified Starboard hand marks ….. 239
REGIONS "A" and "B"
CARDINAL MARKS
North Quadrant (from NW to NE of the point of interest) ….. 242
East Quadrant (from NE to SE of the point of interest) ….. 243
South Quadrant (from SE to SW of the point of interest) ….. 244
West Quadrant (from SW to NW of the point of interest) ….. 244
Points of interest ….. 247
Obstructions ….. 247
Bifurcation and junction of channels ….. 247
Bend in a channel ….. 250
ISOLATED DANGER MARKS ….. 261
SAFE WATER MARKS ….. 264
SPECIAL MARKS ….. 269
USE OF SPECIAL MARKS
Spoil ground marks ….. 271
Military exercise zone ….. 271
Watch buoys ….. 271
Quarantaine are marks ….. 271
Cable or underwater pipelines ….. 271
Ocean Data-acquisition System marks – Hydrographic instrument marks (ODAS) …. 273
Recreation marksd ….. 273
Traffic separation marks ….. 273
Supplementary marks ….. 274
NEW DANGER MARKS ….. 275
GENERAL REMARKS AND SUMMARY ….. 279
ADDITIONAL PICTURES ….. 279
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